RESUMO
Introducción. El tabaquismo es el principal factor de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas que constituyen la mayor carga en Colombia. Objetivos. Generar recomendaciones de práctica clínica sobre eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento para la cesación de la adicción al tabaco en adultos colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una adaptación basada en la metodología ADAPTE. Se buscaron guías de práctica clínica en Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS y Cochrane. Se evaluó la cesación a seis meses para consejería breve e intensiva, terapia de reemplazo nicotínico, bupropión, vareniclina, clonidina, nortriptilina, acupuntura, hipnosis, homeopatía y la combinación de tratamientos. Se utilizó el German Instrument for Methodological Guideline Appraisal (DELBI) para evaluar las guías de prácticalínica. Se seleccionaron las guías con puntaje mayor de 60 % en rigor metodológico y aplicabilidad en Colombia. Las preguntas sin evidencia fuerte se llevaron a consenso. Resultados. Se encontraron 925 referencias, se preseleccionaron 17 guías de práctica clínica y se escogieron 5 para adaptación. La consejería breve e intensiva, la terapia de reemplazo nicotínico, el bupropión, la nortriptilina y la vareniclina son eficaces en la cesación de tabaquismo (incrementó 5,1 % a 22,7 %). Los tratamientos alternativos no tienen eficacia demostrada en la cesación. El uso simultáneo de diferentes formas de terapia de reemplazo nicotínico es la única combinación con eficacia demostrada (OR 1,9; 95%: 1,3-2,7). Conclusiones. Existen diversas alternativas con eficacia demostrada para dejar de fumar. Los incrementos en las tasas de cesación son variables y la duración del efecto necesita mayor seguimiento. Para aplicar la consejería breve e intensiva en Colombia, se deben usar formatos estándar. Se requieren evaluaciones económicas para valorar el impacto y seleccionar las mejores intervenciones en el contexto colombiano.
Introduction: Chronic diseases represent the greatest burden of disease in Colombia for which smoking is the major risk factor. Objectives: To provide clinical practice recommendations based upon efficacy and safety of smoking cessation therapies for Colombian adults. Materials and methods: An adaptation of clinical practice guidelines (CPG) based on the ADAPT methodology was performed. We searched CPG on Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and Cochrane databases. Six months cessation rates were appraised for brief and intensive counseling, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, varenicline, clonidine, nortriptyline, acupuncture, hypnosis, homeopathy, and combined treatments. CPG were evaluated with DELBI and selected when having a score above 60% for methodological rigor of development and applicability to the Colombian health system. Formal consensus was performed for questions without strong evidence. Results: 925 references were found, 17 CPG were pre-selected and 5 selected for adaptation. Brief and intensive counseling, NRT, bupropion, nortriptyline, and varenicline are effective for smoking cessation (cessation rates augment 5.1%-22.7%). Alternative therapies have not demonstrated cessation efficacy. Concomitant use of different NRT is the only combination with demonstrated efficacy (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.3-2.7). Conclusions: Several alternatives for giving up tobacco smoking have confirmed efficacy. The absolute difference in cessation rates is variable among therapies and duration of effect requires further research. Brief and intensive counseling necessitate standardized formats for their implementation in Colombia. Economic evaluations are required to assess costs and benefits and to select the most suitable interventions for Colombia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Colômbia , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Chronic diseases represent the greatest burden of disease in Colombia for which smoking is the major risk factor. OBJECTIVES: To provide clinical practice recommendations based upon efficacy and safety of smoking cessation therapies for Colombian adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An adaptation of clinical practice guidelines (CPG) based on the ADAPT methodology was performed. We searched CPG on Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and Cochrane databases. Six months' cessation rates were appraised for brief and intensive counseling, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, varenicline, clonidine, nortriptyline, acupuncture, hypnosis, homeopathy, and combined treatments. CPG were evaluated with DELBI and selected when having a score above 60% for methodological rigor of development and applicability to the Colombian health system. Formal consensus was performed for questions without strong evidence. RESULTS: 925 references were found, 17 CPG were pre-selected and 5 selected for adaptation. Brief and intensive counseling, NRT, bupropion, nortriptyline, and varenicline are effective for smoking cessation (cessation rates augment 5.1%-22.7%). Alternative therapies have not demonstrated cessation efficacy. Concomitant use of different NRT is the only combination with demonstrated efficacy (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.3-2.7). CONCLUSIONS: Several alternatives for giving up tobacco smoking have confirmed efficacy. The absolute difference in cessation rates is variable among therapies and duration of effect requires further research. Brief and intensive counseling necessitate standardized formats for their implementation in Colombia. Economic evaluations are required to assess costs and benefits and to select the most suitable interventions for Colombia.
Assuntos
Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Colômbia , Humanos , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
Health states are the result of the effect of multiple social determinants of health (SDOH). Health inequities appear as a consequence of the adverse interaction of the SDOH, leading to avoidable and therefore unfair health disparities between and within populations. Although the European population achieves higher levels of health and life expectancy than ever before, health inequities between and within European countries are still widespread and even increasing in some areas. The current economic crisis further shows significant negative impacts on the SDOH and consequently on the health of populations. Furthermore, data suggests that governmental responses of several European countries to the crisis failed to provide sustainable and comprehensive solutions as they do not take health into consideration. However, strong economic, social and health systems seem to act preventatively on negative effects on SDOH and health itself. Moreover, intersectoral governance structures and Health Impact Assessments (HIA) can foster the narrowing of unfair health gaps.
Los estados de salud son resultado del efecto de los múltiples factores sociales determinantes de la salud. Las inequidades en salud aparecen como consecuencia de la interacción adversa de dichos factores determinantes, que llevan a disparidades en salud entre diversas poblaciones y entre integrantes de una misma población, las cuales pueden catalogarse como injustas y evitables. Aunque la población europea ha alcanzado altos niveles de salud y esperanza de vida como nunca antes, las inequidades en salud entre y dentro de los países europeos se encuentran aun ampliamente extendidas y en incremento en algunas áreas. La crisis económica actual, además, muestra impactos negativos significativos sobre los factores determinantes sociales de la salud y, por consiguiente, sobre la salud de las poblaciones. Adicionalmente, la información actual sugiere que las respuestas gubernamentales de varios países europeos ante la crisis fallaron en su objetivo de proveer soluciones integrales y sostenibles, en la medida en que estas no toman en cuenta a la salud. Sin embargo, los sistemas de salud, sociales y económicos sólidos parecen actuar preventivamente ante los efectos negativos sobre los factores sociales determinantes de la salud y sobre la salud misma. Por otra parte, el desarrollo de estructuras gubernamentales intersectoriales y de estrategias como la evaluación de impacto en salud, pueden fomentar la reducción de disparidades en salud consideradas como injustas.
